Hamlet Essay examples - 607 Words

Hamlet Hamlet Critique Hamlet, a play by William Shakespeare, was written in approximately the middle to late 1590s, while Shakespeares work was flourishing, and his company was putting up the Globe Theater. Shakespeare was a profound writer, and Hamlet is considered to be his most prolific writing, and is a favorite among the readers. It is a tragic tale of conspiracy, death, disease, and a young mans struggle to avenge his fathers murder. I would like to set apart Hamlet from the array of characters in this play, as to analyze him from a formalist point of view. To start off, Hamlet was, of course, the main character. As a promising king, his life is suddenly torn apart by his fathers death, and his mother, Gertrudes†¦show more content†¦Some of the most common were his uses of dramatic irony, subplots, monologues and dialogues, soliloquies, asides, and even contractions and invented words. He also added things to help move the play along, things of interest, such as ghosts, letters, eavesdropping, love, violence, music, fools, and sound effects. Hamlet, in its entirety is an excellent example of these things. For instance, the one that you might notice right off the bat, is the use of a ghost, which appears throughout the play to instruct young Hamlet. Hamlet always interacts with the ghost, and that adds drama, and a bit of spookiness to the play. Another critical element about Hamlet is used in Shakespeare verse forms. Language in this play can tell the reader what kind of person is talking. For instance, Polonius talks in rhyme verse very often, which was used by fools, lovers, and often times fairies and other mythical creatures (in Shakespeares works). Since Polonius rarely makes sense, and talks circles around himself, rhyme verse is appropriate because Polonius is a fool. Hamlet, usually talks in blank verse, which was used by royalty and those of high intelligence. This would make sense, since Hamlet is of royal blood. Shakespeare was very clever in using this technique to give the reader an idea of a characters personality, background, attitude, etc. (That is, if you can actually understand Shakespeare!). One more element I would like to assessShow MoreRelatedHamlet Madness In Hamlet1293 Words   |  6 Pages When reading Shakespeare’s Hamlet as a class, the first thing that most teachers or professors point out is the argument/idea of sanity, specifically Hamlets sanity. I believe that Hamlet is, in fact, feigning his madness. What I do not know is if I believe this because it is what I was taught or if I came up with the idea myself based on my own interpretation. When I was taught Hamlet there was no argument it was just fact that he was faking his madness. Because of my confusion, I came to findRead MoreHamlet1304 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlying themes of revenge, incest, and suicide, William Shakespeare’s Hamlet was remembered by many Elizabethan Era viewers as both a philosophical and oft-debated masterpiece (Dickson). These controversial themes attracted viewers everywhere, enticing them to see the play. One scene in particular from the original text of the play where this proves true is act IV, scene iv, lines 31-65, in which the titular character Hamlet decides tha t the time for revenge is at hand in an insightful soliloquyRead MoreHamlet787 Words   |  4 PagesElements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet Elements of Drama: A Review of Hamlet The way an artist creates a sculpture is similar to the tactics of a drama writer. While artist focus on the color and shape of their creations, writers of drama focus on specific elements. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot, character, setting, staging, and theme to create a well-rounded story. One of the first elements of drama is plot. Considered to be the foundation, plot is theRead MoreHamlet As The Tragic Hero Of The Play Hamlet 1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to better understand Hamlet one must first asses, and define man. According to webster dictionary a man is a male often having the qualities associated with bravery,script or toughness(site webster dictionary www.define a man.com here). We know the male figure is known to exhibit distinctive male traits such as strength, dignity, courage and be a provider and supporter. As seen in Hamlet one must understand the male figure to better understand Hamlet and why the male behave in such waysRead MoreHamlet Analysis : Hamlet 1149 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish December 7, 2015 Hamlet Analysis Prince Hamlet is a man who enjoys contemplating difficult philosophical questions. When his father the king of Denmark, was killed by his uncle. when Hamlet returns he sees his ghost after he returns home to find evidence of his father’s death. The Ghost of Hamlet tells Prince Hamlet that his uncle Claudius his uncle was the one who killed his father with poison of the ear. Throughout the rest of the story with him, Hamlet seeks to prove his uncle ClaudiusRead More Character of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter of Hamlet in Shakespeares Hamlet Hamlet is a man of many discoveries. The tragic hero in Shakespeares Hamlet undergoes many changes throughout the play. His mindset is set deep and far away from the physical world that both helps him and hinders him in his plight for revenge against his uncle, Claudius, and his mother. When Hamlet is first introduced in Act I, Scene II, the reader is shown the depths of his sorrow. The King asks Hamlet How is it that the clouds still hangRead MoreHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreOphelia and Hamlet in The Tragedy of Hamlet Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesOphelia and Hamlet In 1600, William Shakespeare composed what is considered the greatest tragedy of all time, Hamlet, the tragedy of the Prince of Denmark. His masterpiece forever redefined what tragedy should be. Critics have analyzed it word for word for nearly four hundred years, with each generation appreciating Hamlet in its own way. While Hamlet conforms, without a doubt, to Aristotles definition of a tragedy, one question still lingers. Did Shakespeare intend for the reader or viewerRead More Hamlet Essay599 Words   |  3 PagesThe Revenge of Prince Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare’s, Hamlet, is a wonderfully written play that has many tangled webs of lies, betrayal, and revenge. The play starts off with the death of Hamlets father, the king. One night Hamlet sees the ghost of his dead father. The ghost speaks to Hamlet and tells him that he was killed by Claudius. Claudius, who is Hamlets uncle, has recently become the new king and as well married Hamlets fathers wife, GertrudeRead More Hamlet Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Perhaps the most famous soliloquy in literature, these words reflect the state of desperation in which Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, finds himself as he contemplates suicide. His father, the King, has died. His mother, the Queen, has remarried within a month of the Kings passing, an act which has disturbed young Hamlet in and of it. To make it worse, she has married the Kings brother, Hamlets uncle, who is now the King of Denmark. As Hamlets despair deepens, he learns through the appearance

Combatting the Crime and Violence in the Inner City of...

The Denham Town community is predominantly a residential neighborhood in West-central Kingston, Jamaica. It unfortunately earned a reputation as one of Kingston’s more violent inner city communities. Despite having to contend with crime and violence over the years, other social issues like: drug/alcohol abuse, gang violence, education gap and unemployment have significantly affected the youths. The scourge of crime and violence reportedly scarred the inner city youths, hence the NCB Foundation sought to avert some of those challenges. It has since helped by contributing to the improvement of the lives of those most vulnerable and at-risk youths. Therefore, the intention of this study is to assess the contributions of the NCB†¦show more content†¦4. An assessment into the social issues facing youth of Denham Town. Literature Review: The American Psychological Association (2014) explains violence as an extreme form of aggression such as assault, rape, or murder. Violence among youth is a critical issue across the Caribbean. It has begun to receive much deserved attention in most Small Island developing states (SIDS). In recent years, Jamaica has suffered socially, economically and with regards to a loss of productivity due to the epidemic of violence. Unfortunately, crime and violence have become an entrenched part of Jamaica life, whereas some Jamaicans have found it difficult to make a living by legal means, hence they turn to illicit/criminal acts. An even more unfortunate scenario is that young people are among some of the main perpetrators as well as victims of crime. As the future leaders of tomorrow, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) alike have initiated extensive actions to address the issues surrounding adolescence/youth violence today. Having recognized shortcomings, they have incorporated programs geared towards youth development as well as education. According to Bailey (2011), it is generally accepted that violence-related behaviors are rooted in patterns of socialization that begin early in life including exposure. From very early, many Jamaican children are exposed to violence. Adolescence is usually the most important stage, that of

The Christian Crusades Essay - 1459 Words

The origin of the Crusades is rooted in political upheaval. The mid seventh century to the mid tenth century CE saw a gradual expansion of Islam (Riley-Smith 1). Half of the Christian world was conquered by Arab armies. This included countries in which Christianity had been established for centuries, such as Egypt, southern France, southern Italy, Sicily, Spain, Syria, and Turkey (Riley-Smith 2). By the late tenth century, Europe and the Middle East were divided into Christian and Muslim hemispheres of influence. Christian pilgrims from Europe regularly visited the Muslim-controlled Jerusalem. These pilgrimages were very popular. The pilgrimage was believed by Christians a major act by which a person could reduce their exposure to the†¦show more content†¦In his book, The First Crusade, Thomas Asbridge excerpts from the pope’s speech show the importance of sanctified Violence the pope stated, â€Å"You, dearest brothers, must take the greatest pains to try to ensure that the holiness of that city (Jerusalem) and his sepulcher to be cleansed† (38). The proclaimed purpose of the Crusades, which were often requested and encouraged by papal policy, was to recover the city of Jerusalem. However, the Christians recapture of the Jerusalem not only put the city back in Christian hands, but also increased the political power of Pope Urban II. In turn this would put the Roman Catholic Church back at the focal point of society. Pope Urban II preached a sermon at the Council of Clermont in which he proposed that Western European noblemen and their armies join ranks with the Eastern Christian Byzantine Emperor and his forces in order to mount an attack against the Muslim Turks (â€Å"Crusades†). Before hand Alexius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire, called for the Pope’s aid. Byzantium, as the empire was also called, was under attack from all sides, especially from the Seljuk Turks, who had recently converted to Islam (â€Å"Crusades†). Alexius feared that they would take over Constantinople. He pleaded for the Pope to send a few Knights to protect the weak fortifications of the city (â€Å"Crusades†). However, the Pope had his own political interest in mind. Instead he sent an army of thousand of not only Knights, but also peasants, women,Show MoreRelatedChristians And Muslims During The Crusades856 Words   |  4 Pagesreligions around the world today. From Christianity and I slam you get Christians and Muslims. The Christians and Muslims during the Crusades have similar and not so similar views on personal virtues and religious practices. The Crusades were military campaigns during the time period of Medieval England fighting against the Muslims. The Crusades had eight attempts and it lasted from 1095-1289. During the Crusades the Muslims and the Christians were the main religions focused on. Christianity and Islam areRead MoreChristian Crusades And The Spanish Inquisition Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesSome Old Testament skeptics claim that the Israelite conquest of Canaan was an act of divine cruelty. I can see this accusation being leveled due to the Christian Crusades, which began in 1095 and showed no love of God nor adherence to God’s commands. The formation of the Spanish Inquisition, which began in 1478, and led the inquisitors to believe that their gruesome actions actually saved Jews from their fate awaiting them in the afterlife; since the Jews were dying at the hands of God s childrenRead MoreChristians And Muslims During The First Crusade992 Words   |  4 PagesWhile God was ultimately given c redit for the success and failures of both the Christians and Muslims, the most significant factors that contributed to the ultimate successes were both human and geographical. In both cases, successful conquest necessitated a cohesive religious force coupled with geographic support. Ultimately, the successes of the Christians during the first Crusade and the Muslims during the Second Crusade was a result of strong devotion to their respective faiths, strong and consolidatedRead MoreThe First Christian Crusade: Four Accounts1814 Words   |  8 PagesDavis Medieval History October 11th, 2013 The Crusades: Motivation behind the Movement. Patrick Geary’s â€Å"Readings in Medieval History† contains four accounts of the invasion of the Middle East by the Europeans in 1095 A.D. These accounts all cite different motives for the first crusade, and all the accounts are from the perspective of different sides of the war. The accounts all serve to widen our perspective, we hear from the Christian and Middle Eastern side of the conflict. Fulcher ofRead MoreThe Purpose of Christian Crusades - Different Points of View Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of Christian Crusades - different points of view Christian crusades took place between the years 1095 and 1500. According to the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, crusades were military expeditions, beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by Western Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their main objectives were to check the spread of Islam, retake control of the Holy Land, and to recapture formerly Christian territories. The objectives ofRead MoreThe Crusades As An Act Of Christian Aggression Against Arab Muslims Essay2269 Words   |  10 PagesThe Crusades are commonly classified as an act of Christian aggression against the weakened and fractured Muslims. There are many mistakes with this view, the Crusades were not against Arabs specifically, despite what is commonly believed. As mentioned in â€Å"Our Worlds Story† and some others, the Arabs were under attack by a steppes horde from Asia called the Seljuk Turks. The Seljuk and Arabs, despite both being Sunni Muslims had been in conflict against each other since the late 900’s. The SeljukRead MoreCrusades For Personal Benefit. Samuel Huntington Thought1132 Words   |  5 PagesCrusades For Personal Benefit Samuel Huntington thought that conflicts between two countries or religions are the result of a clash of civilizations. He thought that conflict arose because their thoughts were too different. The Crusades were more the result of the Christians wanting other benefits, not because they hated the Muslims. The Crusades do not prove that the Muslims and Christians had a clash of civilization and couldn’t coexist. Before the Crusades began, Christians and Muslims lived togetherRead MoreThe Crusades During The Middle Ages1152 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance was a period of rebirth in art and culture after the Middle Ages. The Crusades helped Medieval Europe to flourish and grow out of the Dark Ages. The Crusades affected daily life and caused major effects in political, economical and cultural Medieval Europe. The first Crusade was gaining control over the Holy Land, but the later Crusades were fights over regaining land. The Byzantine Empire fell during the fourth Crusade after an attack on their capital, Constantinople, took place. Trade routesRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of the Crusades Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesIf you ask someone if they ever heard of the Crusades the answer will most likely be yes. Does that mean that they know what the Crusades are? No. Many Jewish people who don’t know much about the Crusades assume it was merely targeted against the Jews and it resulted in the death of countless Jews. Other than that they are oblivious to the true facts. So what were the Crusades? The Crusades were great military missions embarked on by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing theRead MoreEssay on The Crusades: Significance for Christianity Today1728 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Crusades. What significance do they still have for Christianity today? What should contemporary Christians learn from them? In this essay, this writer will give a brief account of The Crusades, demonstrate the significance they still have for Christianity today and what lessons contemporary Christians should learn from them. The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched between 1095 and 1291 by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens who were Moslems. The name Crusade is derived

The Irreversible Damage Caused by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome...

A pregnant womans lifestyle ultimately affects the development of her baby. Excessive exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can inflict serious, permanent physical and mental damage on her child. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol she is making her child drink also. In knowing how Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and who and what make up the risk factors fetal alcohol syndrome can be better understood. The National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome states Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the name given to a group of physical and mental birth defects that are the direct result of a womans drinking during pregnancy (NOFAS 1). Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the only disease that is one†¦show more content†¦The more people know about the effects of maternal drinking, the less likely they will drink while pregnant. The risks of drinking as little as one or two drinks a day may not seem like much yet they can cause a lifetime of birth defects. Symptom s of Fetal Alcohol syndrome are present not only at birth, but also during gestation. Low prenatal growth, and birth weight are common primary signs. A small head, small eye openings, droopy eye lids, a short upturned nose, thin upper lip, and small jaw are just some of the many physical abnormalities that can occur with chronic drinking. The physical birth defects are devastating yet just as much damage is unseen by the naked eye. Central nervous system defects such as Mental Retardation and behavior disorders can be seen. Poor concentration, impulsiveness and lack of judgment have a severe impact on the childs overall development. Children with behavior problems also do worse than normal children in school. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome children have problems paying attention, score lower in mathematics and spelling, and have lower I.Q scores. Not only do these defects get worse as the child ages, the vicious cycle of alcohol abuse is also very likely to continue. Fetal Alcohol syndrome children are more likely to become alcohol dependant adults than children of mothers who did not drink. All the devastating disabilities last a lifetime. Early and accurate diagnosis of Fetal AlcoholShow MoreRelatedHumanity Has Always Yielded To The Pressure Of Different1128 Words   |  5 Pages Humanity has always yielded to the pressure of different chemical substances that eventually caused it irreparable damage. Finding the â€Å"Cure† from the damage obtained was the next step. It seems that only now, when the number of the diseases caused by different substances has reached its peak, people have finally understood that the best â€Å"Cure† is the prevention of any forms of substance abuse. Alcohol is not the last one on the list of theses destructive substances. It is the â€Å"companion† of anyRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome : Causes And Effects1078 Words   |  5 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Alcohol plays a major role in society today. We consume alcohol for many purposes such as gatherings, holidays, or self fulfillment. One of the most frowned upon things that come with drinking in our society is drinking during pregnancy. Nonetheless, consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can result in pathologies for the mothers fetus leading to growth, mental, and physical birth defects, also known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The severity of the effects fromRead More Alcohol And The Fetus Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagessafe level of alcohol. Some people believe that drinking a little amount of alcohol will not harm the fetus. However, in reality, â€Å"there is no known safe level of alcohol consumption for pregnant women† (Walsh 2). A woman runs the risk of having a child with defects if she drinks regularly (Orenberg 167). â€Å"Binge drinking, or heavy alcohol consumption at one sitting, is particularly hazardous to the fetus because very high levels of alcohol enter t he mother’s blood stream† (â€Å"Fetal Alcohol†). High levelsRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On Human Cells1409 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Rice BI 308-01 Professor Bilozur November 28, 2016 Alcohol-Induced Molecular Dysregulation in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursor Cells Introduction Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause profound amounts of birth defects and mental retardation. Drinking alcohol is composed of ethanol, a flammable liquid, which is made by fermentation. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, alcohol can affect different parts of the human body such as the brain, heartRead MoreMarisa Leathers. Kathleen Mccoy. Development Of The Exceptional1537 Words   |  7 Pages Marisa Leathers Kathleen McCoy Development of the Exceptional Child April 16, 2017 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Discovered in 1973, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders were recognized from a specific pattern of cardiac, craniofacial, and limb defects between unrelated infants. The one thing the infants all had in common was that they were all born to alcoholic mothers (Bradshaw). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, also referred to as FASD for short, can lead to numerous physical and mental defectsRead MoreThe Effects Of Prenatal Exposure On Alcohol1389 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause profound amounts of birth defects and mental retardation. Drinking alcohol is composed of ethanol, a flammable liquid, which is made by fermentation. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, alcohol can affect different parts of the human body such as the brain, heart, liver, pancreas, the immune system, and plays a role in cancer (NIH, n.d.). In the brain, alcohol can intervene in communication pathways, which affectsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyou want your child to have FAS? Read on and I believe you will come to the same conclusion as I have about FAS. FAS doesn’t sound so bad, but in reality it is. FAS means Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS is a combination of physical and mental defects first evident at a baby’s birth. FAS is a direct result of a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. These defects continue through out the child’s life. One in five hundred children are born with FAS. Your baby is at risk no matter how much liquor youRead MoreAlcohol : Alcohol And Alcohol Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagestopic for class is alcohol. Alcohol is defined as â€Å"Chemically, a compound characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group; in common usage, a beverage made from fermented fruits, vegetables, or grains and containing ethanol.† (From the book pg GL-1) Ethanol is defined as â€Å"A specific alcohol compound (C2H5OH) formed from the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates and used in a variety of alcoholic beverages.† (From the book pg GL-4) Definition of proof is â€Å"A measure of the alcohol content of a liquid;Read MoreDrug Abuse Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pagesturn to marijuana, prescription drugs, club drugs, alcohol, or other substances as a means of coping with stress, peer influence, and failure of parents to prevent their children from making unreasonable decisions. According to the yearly â€Å"Monitoring the Future† survey of high school age teenagers in the United States, by the time our kids complete high school, a minimum of 40 percent have consumed an illicit drug and 70 percent have consumed alcohol. A. Drug addiction is defined as a chronic, oftenRead MoreDrug Safety in Pregnant Women and Their Babies1979 Words   |  8 Pagesan effective barrier from any harmful pathogen that may potentially harm the fetus. The timing of exposure of any teratogen is critical to the impact of prenatal development (Bethesda (MD), 2006). The most vulnerable time of the fetus for serious damage is during early pregnancy when all the major organ and central nervous system (CNS) are developing. Miscarriages can have an important role in keeping a pregnancy from evolving when there is something serious going on with the developing fetus/embryo

Fort Sumter Free Essays

Fort Sumter was a turning point in determining the outcome of the Civil War. Fort Sumter was built on a man-made island of seashells and granite. It was a pentagon shape that was fifty feet high and the walls were eight to twelve feet thick. We will write a custom essay sample on Fort Sumter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fort Sumter is located in South Carolina. It was a defense system for Charleston Harbor. It was named after a Revolutionary War hero from South Carolina. For one of the causes of the Civil War was that the South demanded that fort Sumter be turned over to its new government. United States troops were to leave the fort. President Abraham Lincoln refused to let them. Lincoln said that Fort Sumter belonged to all of the people of the United States, not just to South Carolina. The people of South Carolina were determined to have the fort. They threatened to starve the men stationed there. Lincoln sent food and supplies to the men stationed there. The Carolinians fired on the ship and, then they fired on the fort and destroyed it. That was how the war began (Hakim 61). On April 13, 1861, Fort Sumter surrendered after heavy bombardment to Confederate forces. Accounts of this victory created wild excitement in North Carolina. The Union was deeply saddened that war had started. On the other hand, the South was ecstatic (Hakim 62). President Lincoln had a major role in the Civil War. Lincoln refused to withdraw soldiers from Fort Sumter. He sent a supply ship after the South threatened to stop supplying them. He differed with other northern leaders by that the other leaders told him to back out and Lincoln did not listen to them. He refused to let the South leave the United States. Lincoln proclaimed a blockade on April 16, 1861. The blockade extended from Virginia to Texas. At the time, it was impossible for the federal government to enforce a blockade of the coastline measuring almost four thousand miles and containing one hundred and eighty-nine harbors. In conclusion, many important battles such as Gettysburg and Antietam took place after. The Civil War lasted for four years. Today, Fort Sumter is a tourist attraction and it attracts many visitors. How to cite Fort Sumter, Papers

Plot Overview Essay Example For Students

Plot Overview Essay In the late winter months of 1801, a man named Lockwood rents a manor housecalled Thrushcross Grange in the isolated moor country of England. Here, hemeets his dour landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man who lives in the ancientmanor of Wuthering Heights, four miles away from the Grange. In this wild,stormy countryside, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell himthe story of Heathcliff and the strange denizens of Wuthering Heights. Nelly consents, and Lockwood writes down his recollections of her tale inhis diary; these written recollections form the main part of WutheringHeights. Nelly remembers her childhood. As a young girl, she works as a servant atWuthering Heights for the owner of the manor, Mr. Earnshaw, and his family. One day, Mr. Earnshaw goes to Liverpool and returns home with an orphan boywhom he will raise with his own children. At first, the Earnshaw children-aboy named Hindley and his younger sister Catherine-detest the dark-skinnedHeathcliff. But Catherine quickly comes to love him, and the two soon growinseparable, spending their days playing on the moors. After his wifesdeath, Mr. Earnshaw grows to prefer Heathcliff to his own son, and whenHindley continues his cruelty to Heathcliff, Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindleyaway to college, keeping Heathcliff nearby. Three years later, Mr. Earnshaw dies, and Hindley inherits WutheringHeights. He returns with a wife, Frances, and immediately seeks revenge onHeathcliff. Once an orphan, later a pampered and favored son, Heathcliffnow finds himself treated as a common laborer, forced to work in thefields. Heathcliff continues his close relationship with Catherine,however. One night they wander to Thrushcross Grange, hoping to tease Edgarand Isabella Linton, the cowardly, snobbish children who live there. Catherine is bitten by a dog and is forced to stay at the Grange torecuperate for five weeks, during which time Mrs. Linton works to make hera proper young lady. By the time Catherine returns, she has becomeinfatuated with Edgar, and her relationship with Heathcliff grows morecomplicated. When Frances dies after giving birth to a baby boy named Hareton, Hindleydescends into the depths of alcoholism, and behaves even more cruelly andabusively toward Heathcliff. Eventually, Catherines desire for socialadvancement prompts her to become engaged to Edgar Linton, despite heroverpowering love for Heathcliff. Heathcliff runs away from WutheringHeights, staying away for three years, and returning shortly afterCatherine and Edgars marriage. When Heathcliff returns, he immediately sets about seeking revenge on allwho have wronged him. Having come into a vast and mysterious wealth, hedeviously lends money to the drunken Hindley, knowing that Hindley willincrease his debts and fall into deeper despondency. When Hindley dies,Heathcliff inherits the manor. He also places himself in line to inheritThrushcross Grange by marrying Isabella Linton, whom he treats verycruelly. Catherine becomes ill, gives birth to a daughter, and dies. Heathcliff begs her spirit to remain on Earth-she may take whatever formshe will, she may haunt him, drive him mad-just as long as she does notleave him alone. Shortly thereafter, Isabella flees to London and givesbirth to Heathcliffs son, named Linton after her family. She keeps the boywith her there. Thirteen years pass, during which Nelly Dean serves as Catherinesdaughters nursemaid at Thrushcross Grange. Young Catherine is beautifuland headstrong like her mother, but her temperament is modified by herfathers gentler influence. Young Catherine grows up at the Grange with noknowledge of Wuthering Heights; one day, however, wandering through themoors, she discovers the manor, meets Hareton, and plays together with him. Soon afterwards, Isabella dies, and Linton comes to live with Heathcliff. Heathcliff treats his sickly, whining son even more cruelly than he treatedthe boys mother. Three years later, Catherine meets Heathcliff on the moors, and makes avisit to Wuthering Heights to meet Linton. She and Linton begin a secretromance conducted entirely through letters. When Nelly destroys Catherinescollection of letters, the girl begins sneaking out at night to spend timewith her frail young lover, who asks her to come back and nurse him back tohealth. However, it quickly becomes apparent that Linton is pursuingCatherine only because Heathcliff is forcing him to; Heathcliff hopes thatif Catherine marries Linton, his legal claim upon Thrushcross Grange-andhis revenge upon Edgar Linton-will be complete. One day, as Edgar Lintongrows ill and nears death, Heathcliff lures Nelly and Catherine back toWuthering Heights, and holds them prisoner until Catherine marries Linton. Soon after the marriage, Edgar dies, and his death is quickly followed bythe death of the sickly Linton. Heathcliff now controls both WutheringHeights and Thrushcross Grange. He forces Catherine to live at WutheringHeights and act as a common servant, while he rents Thrushcross Grange toLockwood. Nellys story ends as she reaches the present. Lockwood, appalled, ends histenancy at Thrushcross Grange and returns to London. However, six monthslater, he pays a visit to Nelly, and learns of further developments in thestory. Although Catherine originally mocked Haretons ignorance andilliteracy (in an act of retribution, Heathcliff ended Haretons educationafter Hindley died), Catherine grows to love Hareton as they live togetherat Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff becomes more and more obsessed with thememory of the elder Catherine, to the extent that he begins speaking to herghost. Everything he sees reminds him of her. Shortly after a night spentwalking on the moors, Heathcliff dies. Hareton and young Catherine inheritWuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, and they plan to be married onthe next New Years Day. After hearing the end of the story, Lockwood goesto visit the graves of Catherine and Heathcliff. ChronologyThe story of Wuthering Heights is told through flashbacks recorded in diaryentries, and events are often presented out of chronological order-Lockwoods narrative takes place after Nellys narrative, for instance, butis interspersed with Nellys story in his journal. Nevertheless, the novelcontains enough clues to enable an approximate reconstruction of itschronology, which was elaborately designed by Emily Bront. For instance,Lockwoods diary entries are recorded in the late months of 1801 and inSeptember 1802; in 1801, Nelly tells Lockwood that she has lived atThrushcross Grange for eighteen years, since Catherines marriage to Edgar,which must then have occurred in 1783. We know that Catherine was engagedto Edgar for three years, and that Nelly was twenty-two when they wereengaged, so the engagement must have taken place in 1780, and Nelly musthave been born in 1758. Since Nelly is a few years older than Catherine,and since Lockwood comments that Heathcliff is about forty yea rs old in1801, it stands to reason that Heathcliff and Catherine were born around1761, three years after Nelly. There are several other clues like this inthe novel (such as Haretons birth, which occurs in June, 1778). Thefollowing chronology is based on those clues, and should closelyapproximate the timing of the novels important events. A ~ before a dateindicates that it cannot be precisely determined from the evidence in thenovel, but only closely estimated. The Art Of Procrastination EssayIn this passage, one also can see an active example of Wuthering Heightssambiguous genre. The work is often compared to the Gothic novels popular inthe late eighteenth century, which dealt in ghosts and gloom, demonicheroes with dark glints in their eyes, and so on. But Bront wrote her bookin the 1840s, when the fashion for the Gothic novel was past and that genrewas quickly being replaced as the dominant form by the socially consciousrealistic novel, as represented by the work of Dickens and Thackeray. Wuthering Heights often seems to straddle the two genres, containing manyGothic elements but also obeying most of the conventions of Victorianrealism. The question of genre comes to a head in the appearances of ghostsin the novel. Readers cannot be sure whether they are meant to understandthe ghosts as nightmares, to explain them in terms of the psychology of thecharacters who claim to see them, or to take them, as in a Gothic novel, asno less substantial than the other characters. Bront establishes thisambiguity carefully. The spectres here are introduced within a simile,and in a context that would support their interpretation as a nightmare. Similarly subtle ambiguities lace Lockwoods account, a few pages later, ofhis encounter with the ghost of Catherine. 3. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know howI love him; and that, not because hes handsome, Nelly, but because hesmore myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are thesame, and Edgars is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frostfrom fire. ExplanationCatherines speech to Nelly about her acceptance of Edgars proposal, inChapter IX, forms the turning-point of the plot. It is at this point thatHeathcliff leaves Wuthering Heights, after he has overheard Catherine saythat it would degrade her to marry him. Although the action of WutheringHeights takes place so far from the bustle of society, where most ofBronts contemporaries set their scenes, social ambition motivates many ofthe actions of these characters, however isolated among the moors. Catherines decision to marry Edgar Linton out of a desire to be thegreatest woman of the neighbourhood exemplifies the effect of socialconsiderations on the characters actions. In Catherines paradoxical statement that Heathcliff is more myself than Iam, readers can see how the relation between Catherine and Heathcliffoften transcends a dynamic of desire and becomes one of unity. Heterosexuallove is often, in literature, described in terms of complementary opposites-like moonbeam and lightning, or frost and fire-but the love betweenCatherine and Heathcliff opposes this convention. Catherine says not, Ilove Heathcliff, but, I am Heathcliff. In following the relationshipthrough to its painful end, the novel ultimately may attest to thedestructiveness of a love that denies difference. 4. . . . I got the sexton, who was digging Lintons grave, to remove theearth off her coffin lid, and I opened it. I thought, once, I would havestayed there, when I saw her face again-it is hers yet-he had hard work tostir me; but he said it would change, if the air blew on it, and so Istruck one side of the coffin loose, and covered it up-not Lintons side,damn him! I wish hed been soldered in lead-and I bribed the sexton to pullit away, when Im laid there, and slide mine out too. Ill have it made so,and then, by the time Linton gets to us, hell not know which is which!You were very wicked, Mr. Heathcliff! I exclaimed; were you not ashamedto disturb the dead?ExplanationWhen Heathcliff narrates this ghoulish scene to Nelly in Chapter XXIX, thebook enters into one of its most Gothic moments. Heathcliff, trying torecapture Catherine herself, constantly comes upon mere reminders of her. However, far from satisfying him, these reminders only lead him to furtherattempts. Heathcliffs desire to rejoin Catherine might indeed explain themajority of Heathcliffs actions, from his acquisition of ThrushcrossGrange and Wuthering Heights, to his seizure of power over everyoneassociated with Catherine. He tries to break through what reminds him of his beloved to his belovedherself by destroying the reminder, the intermediary. Readers can see, inthe language he uses here, this difference between the objects that referto Catherine and Catherine herself. When he opens her coffin, he does notsay that he sees her again. Instead, he says, I saw her face again,showing that her corpse, like her daughter or her portrait, is a thing shepossessed, a thing that refers to her, but not the woman herself. It seemsthat, in this extreme scene, he realizes at last that he will never getthrough to her real presence by acquiring and ruining the people andpossessions associated with her. This understanding brings Heathcliff a newtranquility, and from this point on he begins to lose interest indestruction. 5. That, however, which you may suppose the most potent to arrest myimagination, is actually the least, for what is not connected with her tome? and what does not recall her? I cannot look down to this floor, but herfeatures are shaped on the flags! In every cloud, in every tree-filling theair at night, and caught by glimpses in every object by day, I amsurrounded with her image! The most ordinary faces of men and women-my ownfeatures-mock me with a resemblance. The entire world is a dreadfulcollection of memoranda that she did exist, and that I have lost her!ExplanationIn this passage from Chapter XXXIII, Heathcliff confesses to Nelly hisinner state. What Nelly calls Heathcliffs monomania on the subject of hisdeparted idol has now reached its final stage of development. In thepassage in which Heathcliff describes his excavation of Catherines grave,the reader gains insight into Heathcliffs frustration regarding the doublenature of all of Catherines memoranda. While Catherines corpse recallsher presence, it fails to substitute fully for it, and thus recalls herabsence. Heathcliffs perception of this doubling comes through in hislanguage. The many signs of Catherine show that she did exist but that Ihave lost her. In the end, because his whole being is bound up withCatherine, Heathcliffs total set of perceptions of the world is permeatedby her presence. Consequently, he finds signs of Catherine in the entireworld, and not just in localized figures such as her daughter or aportrait of Catherine.

Swot And Competitor Analysis Of Sainsbury

Question: Discuss about theSwot Analyis And Competitor Analysis of Sainsbury. Answer: Introduction: The report focuses on the Strategic analysis of a very well known super market Sainsbury. The strategic analysis of the company is carried by using the SWOT analysis and the competitor analysis of the company. Based on the strategic analysis of the company suitable recommendations and conclusion has been drawn for the company. There are lots of competitors of the company that include TESCO and Safeway Plc who have been giving tough competition to the company from time to time. Background Sainsbury is a leading organization that was established in the year 1869. The company was founded by John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann in London. The company has 502 chains of supermarkets and around 290 convenient stores. Sainsbury is one of the leading food chain in the UK. The main objective of the company is to provide good returns to its shareholders along with serving their customers so that they feel satisfied. There are about 148,000 employees working in the organization. There are many small scale suppliers who are working directly with the company. The company has been quite successful despite facing many issues like the recession. The main purpose of the company is to provide tasty, fresh and healthy food. It is UKs oldest store though gradually and slowly many other new stores joined the market to give it a competition. The company tries to provide best services to its customers so that it can keep up with its trusted heritage. SwotAnalysis The SWOT analysis includes the Strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and Strengths of the company. The SWOT analysis of Sainsbury is as follows: Strengths IT Infrastructure The company reaches its customers with a wide and affordable platform of internet. The companies run a promotional strategy click and collect in about 160 stores where the customers buy online.(J Sainsbury's plc corporate website, 2009) Experienced Leadership Team The leadership team of the company is very experienced. They are provided various training from time to time so that they can lead their subordinates in a proper way. Excellent Branding and Advertising The company brands are excellent and the advertisement campaigns used by the company for promoting its products are also latest and very attractive that lures the customers and they are induced to buy the products of the company.(Sandler, 2009) Large Capital Investment The company keeps on making investment from time to time in the infrastructure and increasing its space so that it can reach its customers easily through various areas. Loyal Customer Base The company has a loyal customer base who no matter what buy the products of the Sainsbury only. Established network of outlets(turnaround, 2009) There are various outlets of the company that are very well established in the point of infrastructure and various facilities. Weaknesses Stiff Competition The company has been facing stiff competition from various competitors due to which the company is negatively affected at times.(M.A, 2007) Difficulties Relating to Finding Employees with Attitudes and Skills The company finds it very difficult to find the suitable employees that are skilled and have positive attitude. Reliance Upon the UK Market The company relies mostly on the UK market which is considered to be its biggest weaknes. Limited Communication Skills The communication skills of the employees of the company are limited. The employees communicate very less. Opportunities Large Customer Base The customer base of the company is quite large. There are lots of customers of the company during festivals and Christmas.(Lynch, 2003) Opportunities in Terms of Online Marketing There are various opportunities available at the disposal of Sainsbury in terms of online marketing as customers these days find it comfortable to shop online.(Ghoshal, 2000) Wide Market There are stores opened by the company in China which is the widely growing market. The company is able to reach potential customers with its increasing supermarket space. Rapidly Growing Market all over the World The company has a rapidly growing market all over the world. It is focusing on increasing its stores and ,market in various other countries to grab the market.(Miscellaneous, 2014) Threats Competition There are various major companies that are giving tough competition to the company like TESCO, Wal-mart and Carrefour. Prone Online Platform There were many cyber attacks in the past that have led to the loss in the online strategy and it considered to be the biggest threats. Competitor Analysis The major competitors of the Sainsbury are TESCO, ASDA group limited and WM Morrison Supermarket PLC. All these companies are providing similar products as that of the Sainsbury and trying to led back it. There are various new strategies that are being followed by the various companies so that they can increase the market share and grab the entire market. (Artichun., 2000)But, Sainsbury is not lacking behind it is giving ng good answer to these competitors by providing quality products to its customers so that it can satisfy its customers. It is seen that the Sainsbury is always a good performer as compared to its competitors. It has always focused on providing different products to its customers. Under the competitor analysis an event analysis was conducted of the company where an event took place on 19th march where the company beat the sales forecast. There was an increase in the total sales of the company by 7.1%. Conclusion After carrying on the various analysis of the company it can at last be concluded that the Sainsbury is the best outlet in UK and the customers love the products of the company. As highlighted by the various opportunities available at the disposal of the Sainsbury it can be found that the outside risks like the increasing costs of the material and recession hardly affects the company. There are various new expansion strategies that have been implemented by the company over time to beat its competitors. The company shall make efforts to overcome its weaknesses and work towards the various opportunities that are available in the market. It shall not get its focus affected from its customers. It shall keep on working hard towards the satisfaction of the customers as the customers are the king of the organization and if they feel satisfied then only the company can progress. Bibliography Artichun., 2000. Course Hero. [Online] Available at: https://www.coursehero.com/file/10459088/Comparative-Analysis-Research-Paper-of-Wal-Mart-Sainsbury/ [Accessed 17 August 2016]. Ghoshal, S.M.H.Q.J., 2000. The Strategy process, Revised European edition. London: Prentice hall. J Sainsbury's plc corporate website, 2009. Sainsbury's About us. [Online] Available at: https://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/index.asp?pageid=12 [Accessed 17 August 2016]. Lynch, R., 2003. Corporate Strategy,. 3rd ed. London: Prentice Hall. M.A, D.J.a.S., 2007. Fundamentals of marketing. New York: Routledge. Miscellaneous, 2014. Essay DB.net. [Online] Available at: https://essaydb.net/miscellaneous/234421-business-environment [Accessed 17 August 2016]. Sandler, K., 2009. Sainsbury's to push into non food products.. The wall street journal. turnaround, T.s., 2009. TNS Global Market Research. [Online] Available at: https://www.tnsglobal.com/_assets/files/worldpanel_marketshare_oct2009.pdf [Accessed 17 August 2016].

United States and the Asia

The Cold War dominated the world right from the 1940s up to around 1990s. During this period, various countries that were allied to either the United States or to the Soviet Union engaged in protracted battles or military aggressions with one another. Although the two powerful countries never really engaged in a large-scale fight, the military tension between them presented a potential threat of a global nuclear war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on United States and the Asia-Pacific Region Countries Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each side was actively engaged in trying to acquire new allies, which they sought to subsidize with economic aid, especially in terms of military weaponry. However, the United States became stronger after the collapse of the Communist movement in 1960, following China’s withdrawal. Subsequently, the United States developed the â€Å"containment policy† that paralyzed and eventually collapsed the Soviet Union in 1991. This marked the onset of significant changes to the America’s Foreign Policy (Shambaugh Yahuda, 2009). Counter-attack Strategy After 1991, the United States foreign policy of alliance-building was replaced with counter-attack strategy. As a result, the federal government significantly reduced its expenditure on foreign policy and Cold War defense. Instead, it focused on thwarting any military invasions that threatened global peace. For example, when Saddam Hussein carried out a surprise attack on Kuwait in 1991, the United States responded by forming a military alliance that successfully stopped the invasion. However, the alliance did not capture Saddam, leaving him free to cause trouble for much longer time. This military goof was attributed to lack of a clear vision for a foreign policy by the United States. Under President Clinton, the US, working under the United Nations, also successfully stopped ethnic wars i n Yugoslavia. It was during this time that the United States focused on using diplomacy as opposed to war against its perceived enemies. Particularly, President Clinton’s administration developed closer ties with the Asia-Pacific region in a bid to stem out military tension. They sought to identify themselves with any country that had no intentions of pursuing nuclear weaponry and condemned those that did. According the Department of Defense, military intervention would only be necessary to stop countries from developing nuclear weapons, which were considered a great threat to the world (Cai, 2011). Military Engagement Although the country focused more on domestic economy, it continued to get involved in internal security issues of most countries in the Asia- Pacific region. For example, the United States maintained its military bases in South Korea for a long time in an attempt to deter the country’s pursuit of nuclear weaponry. In addition, it attempted to neutralize China’s influence in Asia by increasing its military presence in most Asian states. However, these policies have proved unsuccessful as South Korea’s nuclear bases continue to strengthen and China’s influence becomes unrivalled. In fact, later attempts to resuscitate diplomacy with these countries have, in most cases, failed. In 2007, for instance, a Free Trade Agreement between South Korea and the United States failed at the point of ratification.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is due to deep-seated mistrust that had been cultivated between these countries due to poor foreign policies by the United States. In addition, this mistrust has caused the emergence of an ideological war with China, which is fast emerging as an economic as well as military power base in Asia (Cai, 2011). The United States has always tried to contain China and prevent it from emerging as a world military power. Although it initially treated China with great hostility, the country has opted to using diplomatic means to address China. This, however, sometimes goes overboard, especially when insults or weird accusations are used by both countries. For example, China has in many occasions been forced to do what the United States wanted them to do, like the incorporation of Tibet. Basically, it has been a combination of both diplomacy and military exercise (Calder and Min, 2010). Policies of the Obama Administration It is the Obama administration that has significantly changed America’s foreign policy of Asia-Pacific. This administration has always re-affirmed and demonstrated willingness to forge alliances with most countries in the Asia-Pacific region. In doing this, it has embarked on solving the economic and security threats of the region instead of earlier policies of the war on terror. For example, when President Obama visited Australia i n 2011, he received a very warm welcome, signifying that his administration had finally won over the hearts of the country’s leaders. In reminding Australians of their close ties running from war in Afghanistan to the Aussies, the President used diplomacy to break historical tension that has consistently hampered their bilateral relations. The Obama administration has also welcomed China’s rise as a military power, as well as an economic challenger. In fact, it has picked out ideological misunderstandings as the reason behind their past hostilities. Nonetheless, both governments have committed to increase their influence in the region in order to deter global threats to peace (McDougall, 2007). The new approach of mutual cooperation is likely to benefit both countries economically. There is little doubt that Asia-Pacific region is the fastest growing region in the world. Thus, it creates several jobs and economic opportunities that Americans also benefit from. In addit ion, the region has also developed as the world’s center for nuclear power and human population. These developments have left the United States with little options, but to cooperate with China.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on United States and the Asia-Pacific Region Countries Relationships specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is probably the reason why President Obama has promised that their military involvement in Afghanistan is the last in the region. The United States government certainly wants to recognize China as a great military power that is capable of dealing with most of the region’s challenges. In fact, it has realized that diplomatic approach will record better success in increasing US influence in the region. Although the historical hostility is still eminent, the United States seems quite disinterested in military influence, but on economic participation. Recently, the United States h as tried to persuade China to make their International Trade rules more flexible to allow for more bilateral trade. However, it remains to be seen if the China will reciprocate this gesture by opening up to international trade (MacIntyre Ravenhill, 2008). In conclusion, the collapse of the Soviet Union eased the tension created by the Cold War. However, the United States seized the opportunity to stomp their authority on all countries in the Asia-Pacific region by thwarting their economic and military development. It resulted in their military participation in South-North Korean war, Vietnam War and the Iran-Iraq war. It was China that defied the United States and established themselves as a strong economic power. Currently, China is said to have outsmarted the United States in almost all aspects, especially in nuclear power. As a result, the Obama administration has had to change tact and adopt a diplomatic approach to the region. References Cai, K G 2011, The Political Economy of East Asia: Regional and National Dimensions. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Calder, K Min, Y 2010, The Making of Northeast Asia. Stanford University Press, Stanford. MacIntyre, A, Pempel, T Ravenhill, J 2008, Crisis as Catalyst: Asia’s Dynamic Political Economy. Cornell University Press, Denver.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McDougall, D 2007, Asia Pacific in World Politics, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Colorado. Shambaugh, D Yahuda, M 2009, International Relations of Asia, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Maryland. This essay on United States and the Asia-Pacific Region Countries Relationships was written and submitted by user Mary Jane Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Henry James Essays (244 words) - Fiction, Literature, Henry James

Henry James Son of the religious philosopher Henry James, Sr., and brother of the psychologist and philosopher William, Henry James was born in New York City, April 15, 1843. His early life was spent in America; on and off he was taken to Europe, especially during the impressionable years from twelve to seventeen. After that he lived in Newport, went briefly to Harvard, and, in 1864, began to contribute both criticism and tales to the magazine. In 1869, and then in 1872-74, he paid visits to Europe and began Roderick Hudsen. Late in 1875 he settled in Paris, where he met Turgenev, Flaubert, and zola, and wrote The American (1877). In December 1876 he moved to London, where two years later he achieved international fame with Daisy Miller. Other famous works include Washington Square (1880), The portrait of a Lady (1881), The Princess Casamassima (1886), The Aspern Papers (1888), The turn of the Screw (1898), and the three large novels of the new century, The wings of the dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Golden Bowl (1904). In 1905 he revisited the United States and wrote The American Scene (1907). He also wrote many works of criticism and travel. Although old and ailing, he threw himself into war work in 1914; and in 1915, a few months before his death, he became a British subject. In January 1916 King George V conferred the Order of Merit on him. He died in London on February 28, 1916, and his ashes were buried in the James family plot in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Corruption- A threat to Democracy essays

Corruption- A threat to Democracy essays Corruption A Threat To Democracy Human history has so far witnessed three modes or forms of governance: (a) governance by a monarch king; (b) rule by a dictator; and (c) democratic governance. Through a process of trial and error, democracy with all its flaws has come to be accepted as the best form of governance. India with its great heritage of moral values, culture and civilization is undoubtedly the largest democratic country in the world. After independence, India accepted the Parliamentary form of democracy in which all powers of the state were vested in the hands of elected representatives of the people. Parliament and State Legislatures are the most important pillars of Indian democracy. People elect their representatives periodically and elections form an integral part of our democratic system. The genuine aspirations and expectations of the people can be reflected only through fair elections. It was thus obligatory on the part of the Members of Parliament (MPs) and the Members of the Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) in the states to behave according to the norms laid down in our Constitution and to strive to protect our great heritage and moral values. But the proverbial dictum, Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely has come to stay in our political system also. In a moment of retrospection of the Indian politics, one realizes with alarm that the democratic system is increasingly being driven by money, muscle power, individual greed and unconcealed ambitions of political leaders. The system fails to serve the common man and as a People we have been forced to relinquish the ideals that inspired the founders of modern India to envision the country as a model of people-oriented politics and development for the rest of the world. A vibrant political system means a multiplicity of political parties, which is all very good. But the vibrancy of the system does not mean that the politic...

How to Write a Thesis in Criminal Justice Ultimate Guide

How to Write a Thesis in Criminal Justice Ultimate Guide Wondering how to write a master thesis in criminal justice on the topic of your choice? A master thesis in criminal justice is often considered to be a ticket to labor market. It has to be an original contribution to this interesting field of studies which means that you need to provide an answer to original research question which hasn’t been exhaustively discussed in previous publications. Writing this final project can be really challenging because you need to do more than just reproduce what other scholars have written on your topic. A thesis is a long-form research paper that develops the original thought and presents new insight within the academic field. To help you get started, we offer you a complete guide on how to write a thesis in criminal justice where you can find recommendations on choosing an interesting topic, formulating a good research question, creating a research proposal, writing a draft, revising, editing, and proofreading. If you face problem with completing other academic projects, check our full guides to all writing assignments out there. Specifics of Writing a Thesis in Criminal Justice Criminal justice is a cross-disciplinary field that examines causes of crime, making laws, and efforts to control crime made by society through systems of criminal and juvenile justice. Writing in criminal justice involves creating well-documented arguments and formulating a defensible thesis statement supported by evidence. An effective thesis statement should be easy to understand, clear, concise, and supported by research and evidence. Students who take criminal justice courses are asked to summarize scholarly articles, synthesize research material, and apply different theories to analyzing particular cases. Being an empirical field of studies, criminal justice uses carefully collected and documented evidence to support arguments. This evidence is divided into 2 categories: quantitative data expressed in numbers and drawn from statistics, surveys, content analysis of documents, and experiments; qualitative data is based on texts, interviews, and observations, and can be used to understand behavior patterns. Students who take part in a criminal justice Masters’ program are required to write a thesis on topic of their choice and defend it over the course of their final year. The goal of a thesis is to develop new knowledge on a specific topic through broad research. Writing a thesis gives every student an opportunity to prove his/her deep understanding of an academic field of criminal justice as well as abilities to do research and draw conclusions. Your thesis in criminal justice must be formatted using APA style guide. Your thesis should be based on the analysis of appropriate data to explore an empirical problem, examine a phenomenon or test a theory or hypothesis. And you should use appropriate field-based, laboratory-based, phenomenological, naturalistic or experimental methods or a combination of different methods. Choose a Winning Topic for Research If you decide to write a thesis in criminal justice, you should start planning your paper as early as possible. Identify a broad topic using general terms. You should choose a topic you are passionate about and narrow it to make it specific and manageable. Look for an overview of your topic in criminal justice in encyclopedias and select some specific aspect of your general topic. Then you will need to identify scholarly sources and read them critically to come up with an interesting research question or a realistic hypothesis. For example, when writing a project about racial disparity in the criminal justice system in the USA, your thesis statement/hypothesis may look like this one: ‘Racial disparity in the US criminal justice system is a persistent complex problem that exists due to legal and extralegal factors and results in differential treatment of people based on race by the criminal justice system. Racial disparities in case outcomes are driven by such case characteristics as prior criminal history and seriousness of the arresting offence.’ Selecting a good topic can be a difficult task so here are 15 powerful thesis topics for your consideration. History and Philosophy of Criminal Justice System; Correlation Between Ethnicity, Race, and Criminal Justice; Law Enforcement System: Ethics, Organization, Police-community Interaction; History of the Death Penalty in the USA; Data Analysis in Criminal Justice; Identification of Local Crime Cycles and Trends; Causes of Crime and Crime Victims; Criminological Perspective on Sexual Offending; Women in the Criminal Justice System: Victims, Offenders, and Professionals; Changing Attitudes to Punishment; Juvenile Justice in The USA; Psychology of Crime; Crime Control and Crime Prevention; Impact of Globalization on Criminal Justice; Statistics in Criminology. When writing your thesis, you will go through all the steps involved in doing research: Formulating a research question; Creating research design and doing research to collect data; Analyzing gathered data; Creating the final thesis. Your research can be done in different ways, including empirical socio-legal research that brings new insight on a criminal justice topic, literature research for developing recommendations or a policy plan, evaluation research which examines and analyzes implementation of a specific law or policy or effects of a specific law or policy, meta-analysis to determine effectiveness of a specific criminal justice law, policy or intervention. Keep in mind that research is a cyclic process that is going on as you are writing your thesis. After choosing a topic and conducting preliminary research, you will need to select a thesis committee and submit a research proposal briefly describing the project you are willing to conduct. Create a Research Proposal for Your Thesis in Criminal Justice The goal of a research proposal is to convince other people that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have a plan how to complete it. Your research proposal should include all the key elements of the research process and all the necessary information to help readers evaluate the proposed project. In your research proposal and an oral defense, you need to address the following issues: The purpose of your study, its theoretical and practical significance; The research question or hypothesis; Literature review describing basic findings of related studies; Methodology for collecting data and methods for data analysis; A proposed timeline for completing your thesis with deadlines for completing each section. Your final thesis may have the following structure: Abstract provides a brief overview of the entire thesis; The introduction indicates the gap in the existing knowledge and includes a hypothesis; A literature review evaluates the previous research on the topic; Methods section outlines methods for collecting data and analyzing results; The results section presents findings; Discussion chapter comments on the results and interprets them; Conclusions section emphasizes that research objectives have been achieved. Recommendations on Writing Chapters of a Thesis in Criminal Justice The abstract is typically written when the entire paper has been completed. It’s a concise summary of a thesis which shouldn’t be more than 350 words. In this document, you state the problem, tell about investigation, and present general conclusions. This part of your thesis shouldn’t include any graphs, tables or illustrations. The introduction presents research in detail. It should clearly state your theme, your goals, research question or hypothesis. It’s important to provide necessary background information to ensure that even non-specialists will be able to read and understand this part of your thesis. You can also provide a quick review of the existing literature. The literature review is a separate section which provides analyses of the previous research on the topic. It’s not a simple collection of summaries so you should approach it in an analytical, comparative, and evaluative manner. Analyzing the previous literature, you will provide the basis for a detailed formulation of the problem, setting of the goals, and the definition of the concepts. The content of this chapter is the ground to comparing results and making conclusions. The methods section justifies the choice and the use of data collection methods as well as methods of data analysis. You can use qualitative or quantitative data collection methods or their combinations. Your task is to tell your readers how you conducted your research so they will be able to replicate your study. The results section highlights the main research findings by presenting facts of their results without analyzing them. You will do analysis later when writing your discussion chapter. You should also present unrealized hypothesis and negative results. You can illustrate the key results with tables, direct quotes from the data, and figures. Discussions section gives a critical analysis of how the thesis goals were achieved. It’s the most important section in your thesis. You need to comment on your results and explain them to your readers. It’s critical to relate the results from your study to previous theory or research to emphasize how they feel the gap in the existing knowledge. You should also mention limitations of your research and provide recommendations about future directions. In the Conclusion section, you need to describe the overall contribution of your thesis to a broader field of studies. You have to provide conclusions about your hypothesis and goals presented in the introduction. You should also tell about the significance of your study, its strengths and limitations. Besides, you may provide suggestions on how your findings could be applied to solving real-life problems and tell about possible directions for further research. Revise Your Thesis in Criminal Justice Revision stage is very important because it allows you to sharpen your focus and argument and make it clear to your readers. At this point, you can also improve and further develop your ideas. Revision happens before editing and requires from you think large-scale. Here are some tips on using effective strategies for revising your thesis. Make a reverse outline of your draft. When your thesis has been written, create an outline of your thesis paper which will help you better see the paper structure and logical flow of your ideas. Rearrange your paragraphs if you notice some gaps in logic. Develop a check-list of what to look for according to guidelines for your thesis paper. Use highlighter approach to visualize where specific information is located and how it works as a whole throughout your project. Use highlighters of different colors to isolate various content elements of your thesis paper to see how they go together in your draft. Apply paragraph-level revisions to see whether all paragraphs are well-organized and effective. Review each paragraph separately to examine such elements as a topic sentence, transitions, progression logic, focus, and length. Make sure that each paragraph starts with a topic sentence that informs your readers about the main point and that there are transition words and phrases that allow readers to follow your logic. Divide a paragraph into two if you notice it’s too long or covers too many points. Cut rearrange. Print your thesis and cut your thesis into individual paragraphs with scissors. Then you will be able to physically rearrange paragraphs in your draft to see the best option for organization and the development of ideas in your argument. First, revise your thesis as a whole and make changes to improve the flow and the logic. Then revise paragraphs and separate sentences. Read your thesis aloud sentence by sentence and find places where you lost focus or which are too vague so they need fixing. Follow these tips to ensure that you write good sentences: Look for places where you use the same word twice in the same paragraph and find alternative ways to express the same idea. Use strong verbs in active voice. Make sure you use different sentence patterns in a paragraph. Mix complex sentences with simple and compound sentences for a variety. Try to avoid using too many sentences which start with there is and it is to make your paragraphs more engaging. Use a thesaurus and a good dictionary to find the precise words to convey your meaning. Finally, proofread your thesis in criminal justice and fix all minor grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes and typos and check your formatting to ensure that it is consistent. Writing a thesis in criminal justice can be a labor-intensive but rewarding experience. Its preparation can give you a taste for real-world research and be useful if you pursue a research or academic career. We hope that our easy writing guide will help you successfully complete your project from the beginning of the proposal to final defense and graduate with a Master of Arts degree.

Start Programming C With raspberry Pi

Start Programming C With raspberry Pi This set of instructions wont suit everybody but Ill try to be as generic as possible. I installed the Debian Squeeze distribution, so the programming tutorials are based on that. Initially, Im starting off by compiling programs on the Raspi but given its relative slowness to any PC in the last ten years, its probably best to switch to developing on another PC and copying the executables over. Ill cover that in a future tutorial, but for now, its about compiling on the Raspi. Preparing for Developing The starting point is you have a Raspi with a working distribution. In my case, its Debian Squeeze which I burnt with instructions from the RPI Easy SD Card Setup. Make sure you bookmark the Wiki as its got tons of useful stuff. If your Raspi has booted and youve logged in (username pi, p/w raspberry) then type gcc - v at the command line. Youll see something like this: Using built-in specs.Target: arm-linux-gnueabiConfigured with: ../src/configure -v with-pkgversionDebian 4.4.5-8 with-bugurlfile:///usr/share/doc/gcc-4.4/README.Bugsenable-languagesc,c,fortran,objc,obj-c prefix/usr program-suffix-4.4 enable-shared enable-multiarch enable-linker-build-idwith-system-zlib libexecdir/usr/lib without-included-gettext enable-threadsposix with-gxx-include-dir/usr/include/c/4.4 libdir/usr/libenable-nls enable-clocalegnu enable-libstdcxx-debug enable-objc-gc disable-sjlj-exceptions enable-checkingrelease buildarm-linux-gnueabihostarm-linux-gnueabi targetarm-linux-gnueabiThread model: posixgcc version 4.4.5 (Debian 4.4.5-8) Install Samba One of the first things I did and recommend to you if you have a Windows PC on the same network as your Raspi is to install and setup Samba so you can access the Raspi. Then I issued this command: gcc -v l.txt To get the above listing into the file l.txt that I could view and copy on my Windows PC. Even if you are compiling on the Raspi, you can edit source code from your Windows box and compile on the Raspi. You cant just compile on your Windows box using say MinGW unless your gcc is configured to output ARM code. That can be done but lets learn to walk first and learn how to compile and run programs on the Raspi. Read up on Cygwin and MinGW. GUI or Terminal Ill assume that you are new to Linux, so apologies if you know it already. You can do most of the work from the Linux terminal ( command line). But it can be easier if you fire up the GUI (Graphical User Interface) to have a look around the file system. Type startx to do that. The mouse cursor will appear and you can click in the bottom left-hand corner (it looks like a mountain( to see the menus. Click on Accessories and run File Manager to let you view folders and files. You can close it down any time and return to the terminal by clicking the little red button with a white circle in the bottom right-hand corner. Then click on Logout to return to the command line. You may prefer to have the GUI open all the time. When you want a terminal click the bottom left button then click Other on the menu and Terminal. In the Terminal, you can close it by typing Exit or click the Windows like x in the top right-hand corner. Folders The Samba instructions on the Wiki tell you how to setup a public folder. Its probably best to do that. Your home folder (pi) will be readonly and you want to write to the public folder. I created a sub-folder in public called code and created the hello.c file listed below in it from my Windows PC. If you prefer to edit on the PI, it comes with a text editor called Nano. You can run it from the GUI on the other menu or from the terminal by typing sudo nanosudo nano hello.c The sudo elevates nano so it can write files with root access. You can run it just as nano, but in some folders that wont give you write access and you wont be able to save files so running things with sudo is usually best. Hello World Heres the code: #includeint main() {printf(Hello World\n);return 0;} Now type in gcc -o hello hello.c and it will compile in a second or two. Take a look at the files in the terminal by typing in ls -al and youll see a file listing like this: drwxrwxx 2 pi users 4096 Jun 22 22:19 .drwxrwxr-x 3 root users 4096 Jun 22 22:05 ..-rwxr-xr-x 1 pi pi 5163 Jun 22 22:15 hello-rw-rw 1 pi users 78 Jun 22 22:16 hello.c and type in ./hello to execute the compiled program and see Hello World. That completes the first of the programming in C on your Raspberry Pi tutorials. Into games programming in C? Try our free Games programming in C Tutorials.

Coley's toxins and alternative medicine in cancer treatment Article

Coley's toxins and alternative medicine in cancer treatment - Article Example Coley’s toxins are also referred to as Coley’s vaccine and mixed bacterial vaccine. William Coley’s contribution toward bacterial immunotherapy of tumors and cancers can never be overlooked; however, the myths associated with use of Coley’s toxins have hindered the path towards understanding the exact phenomenon that Coley claimed to have observed (Nauts et al., 1953). One of the supporting claims for using the Coley’s toxins is that they activate the defense mode of macrophages (Starnes, 1992). Naturally the tumor cells in the body are not considered as antigen, and therefore, macrophages predominantly exist in repair mode (Coley and Higinbotham, 1936). Thus the injection of foreign particles or foreign agents into the body instigates an immune response, due to which macrophages target the tumor (Bickels et al., 2002). One must not overlook the success rate of Coley’s treatment; perhaps his method was more efficient than the modern day immunotherapy trials. Coley injected 104 cancer patients with his toxins, out of which 50% survived was for more than 5 years, while 20% of the patients survived longer than 20 years(Tsung and Norton, 2006). The question to ponder is what are the causes that lead to the variation in outcomes of immunotherapy? Why some patients perform better with immunotherapies, and why some struggle to cope with it? Therefore, there is a dire need for understanding the mechanism of action of Coley’s toxins. Another component of the Coley’s toxins is lipopolysaccharide, which is a component of a bacterial cell; initially it was considered that the presence of these molecules activated the tumor necrosis factor or TNF(Wiemann and Starnes, 1994). TNF is a molecule that is naturally present in the body of an organism, and it is reported to play a crucial role in i nitiating necrotic activity

AIDS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

AIDS - Essay Example The virus is spread by unprotected sex between affected individuals and through shared needles when used for hypodermic infections. Inadvertent transfusion of blood from a suffering person to a healthy person can also transmit the virus. However there are skeptics who claim that the AIDS virus was intentionally developed in a secret military program in the United States as a means of biological warfare to curb world population (Mazza J., 2005). In a controversial article, the author debates the unlikelihood of the accepted theory of a green monkey biting an African native, thereby transmitting the virus to humans and provides an argument in favor of the biological warfare theory and the subsequent creation of this virus in a laboratory. Nevertheless, whatever the origin, AIDS is now a worldwide phenomenon and the subject of intensive research for getting the human population rid of this deadly malady. As far as the United States is concerned, it is believed that almost one million people are living in this country with HIV infection and it has spread to all the states and to all sectors of society (www.avert.org). Half a million deaths have occurred due to HIV infection but the statistical data is not comprehensive as it is based on reports of AIDS diagnosis. The American Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data till 2006 suggests that 448,871 people suffering from this disease were living in America. The ethnic data suggests that the black people are the ones leading the group in terms of people affected as they accounted for 44% of the cases with the white majority close at heels with a figure of 35%. The Hispanic population of America suffered at a rate of 19% and the rest 1% were from other races (www.avert.org). Figures of adults and adolescents above the age of 13 years, who were living with AIDS in the USA till 2006, show that in majority of the cases (59%),

Integrated Marketing Communication Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Integrated Marketing Communication - Case Study Example The present research has identified that along with the internal marketing, the integrated marketing communication is also one of the important concepts because it is only with the help of the integrated marketing communication that how and why the product becomes more important and how the customers are influenced to buy that particular product. Integrated marketing communication is the most important process and with the help of which any brand can gain success and can gain popularity too. Gaining success is the most important for any company. According to the American Marketing Association, Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is termed as a planning process which is designed to assure that all the brands which are created are according to the needs and demands of customers. (IMC) integrated marketing communication is termed as a holistic approach to the marketing level. Along with this, the concept of integrated marketing communication also consists of the offline and online marketing channels. Online marketing channels basically consist of different kinds of e-marketing programs or campaigns, from the different level of search engine optimization, different kinds of the email banners and also the pay per click programs. Whereas on the other hand, the offline marketing channels are one of the main examples of the traditional prints like newspaper or magazines. These above-mentioned marketing channels are the main source for any kind of company in order to provide such working environment where people can work easily and can generate better results. Marketing channels basically provide the target through which any company can identify its customers in order to achieve their targeted goals. It is all because of the marketing channels that how the company is working and how their products are becoming more popular among people. When a company launches any product, only half of the work is done and almost half is left. The work which is left is the main and one of the most important works that are how to make this produced product popular among people. People can only know about any product with the help of marketing. When the marketing is done for that product only then everyone will know that what exactly the product is and what it actually means. There are several kinds of strategies which are related to (IMC) integrated marketing communication in order to develop into a primary and the most important tool for the market: - Media advertising towards the multiple kinds of communication. - Mass media towards the most specialized media also known as niche media. - Manufacturer dominating market towards a retailer dominating a market. - General kind of the focus advertisings towards the data based marketing. All the above-mentioned strategies are very much important in the area of integrated marketing communication as it plays an important role because if there are no strategies company can gain no profit and therefore in the result, i t will suffer loss. Nowadays integrated marketing communication has become a wide perspective which is now also done via internet. Now everything can be done via internet and via networking.

Elevator Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Elevator Speech - Essay Example He was still perplexed and concerned that I must be falling behind my fellow students in the class. Upon hearing such statements, I understood that he was not aware of the concept of distance learning; therefore, I began explaining how Axia online courses have helped me and the mode of communication that takes place between the participants. I explained the innovative platform of Axia courses by telling him that the instructor and all the students log-in at the same Forum (specific for every course) which is considered to be our virtual class, however, they might not be online at the same time. I told him that this type of communication is known as asynchronous communication. I even sent him the link for a paper written by Hrastinski (2008) that explained asynchronous communication as the communication that takes place on discussion boards, email, chat platforms etc. Raj was still not convinced as he said that conventional modes of acquiring education involved the valuable interactions between students that helped the students to clarify their concepts. I agreed and stated that such discussions also take place on distance learning platforms. I explained that students post their comments on discussion questions and can even post comments on other students’ responses. I clarified that the discussion builds on the b asis of the responses of the participants like any other conversation. I addressed his concern and said that all the messages are posted on the platform in the form of a long threaded discussion which can be easily traversed and followed by everyone. He seemed impressed with the structured form of communication offered by distance learning. However, he was still confused about the mode of assessments and communication with the instructor. Upon hearing this concern, I told him that assessments take place online and the feedbacks are supposed to be posted after

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Writer's choice - Essay Example Additionally, sometimes acts as a little mirror. According to Land, Michael and Dan-Eric, the iris serves as a reflector for the animals because light falls on the eye and it is reflected spontaneously (45). In this regard, some animals reflect green light. The reddish appearance of the eyes among people is called red-eye effect. Such effect is associated with the capturing of light, which is reflected from retina. The problem is resolvable through various ways. Light rays usually permeate through the corns of n eye in order to focus clearly on the retina. This causes the light-detecting cells, which are at the back of the eye to responds according. Consequently, the eye retina converts the light rays into electronic pulses, which are able to align with the theoptic nerve. This enhances the creation of visuals images. According to Russell, the process of reddening of the eyes is subject to the constriction of the eyes (78). The constriction of the eyes is subject to time and the flas h of light overwhelms the retina. The speed of light reflection is high and causes the impact of the red eye-effect. Moreover, the eyes appear red after a flash of light because of the high supply of choroid in blood. Choroid is layer of connective tissues, which occur at the back of the eye (Rakoczy 65). The purpose of the layer is to nourish the retina. The other purpose of the choroid layer is to maintain the red color of the normal eye. It is possible to prevent the red-eye effect. People should not look at a camera with their naked eyes. There is needed to make the room of snapping brighter than normal. The setting of the camera must be adjusted. For instance, the anti-red eye effect function must be adjusted. Technology has played a major role in enhancing the reduction of the red-eye effect. Modern cameras are sophisticated because they have adequate customizations. For instance, the modern cameras have

Right to Education Act Essay Example for Free

Right to Education Act Essay What is the act about? * Every child between the ages of 6 to 14 years has the right to free and compulsory education. This is stated as per the 86th Constitution Amendment Act added Article 21A. The right to education act seeks to give effect to this amendment * The government schools shall provide free education to all the children and the schools will be managed by school management committees (SMC). Private schools shall admit at least 25% of the children in their schools without any fee. * The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted tomonitor all aspects of elementary education including quality.| | - History The present Act has its history in the drafting of the Indian constitution at the time of Independence[5] but are more specifically to the Constitutional Amendment that included the Article 21A in the Indian constitution making Education a fundamental Right. This amendment, however, specified the need for a legislation to describe the mode of implementation of the same which necessitated the drafting of a separate Education Bill. The rough draft of the bill was composed in year 2005. It received much opposition due to its mandatory provision to provide 25% reservation for disadvantaged children in private schools. The sub-committee of the Central Advisory Board of Education which prepared the draft Bill held this provision as a significant prerequisite for creating a democratic and egalitarian society. Indian Law commission had initially proposed 50% reservation for disadvantaged students in private schools. Provisions Of The Act * Children to be admitted to ‘age- appropriate’ class and they have the right to receive ‘special training’ to come at par with other children. * Ensure ‘good quality’ elementary education. * Aided and private schools: 25% reservation for weaker disadvantaged children. * Ensure that children from weaker and disadvantaged group are not discriminated against * Schools to get reimbursement for this expenditure. * Govt. may provide free pre-school education. * 25% reservation for weaker/ disadvantaged children applies here as well. * No capitation fee/ screening procedure for child or parents. * No child can be held back or expelled from school * No physical punishment/ mental harassment of children   * Teachers: Minimum qualifications needed. Assess learning ability of each child and regularly meet parents * School Management Committee-   * with 3/4th parents/ guardians Half the members should be women Why is the act significant and what does it mean for India? The passing of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 marks a historic moment for the children of India. This Act serves as a building block to ensure that every child has his or herright (as an entitlement) to get a quality elementary education, and that the State, with the help of families and communities, fulfils this obligation. Few countries in the world have such a national provision to ensure both free and child-centred, child-friendly education. What is ‘Free and Compulsory Elementary Education’? All children between the ages of 6 and 14 shall have the right to free and compulsory elementary education at a neighborhood school. There is no direct (school fees) or indirect cost (uniforms, textbooks, mid-day meals, transportation) to be borne by the child or the parents to obtainelementary education. The government will provide schooling free-of-cost until a child’s elementary education is completed. What is the role envisaged for the community and parents to ensure RTE? The landmark passing of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 marks a historic moment for the children of India. For the first time in India’s history, children will be guaranteed their right toquality elementary education by the state with the help of families and communities. Few countries in the world have such a national provision to ensure child-centered, child-friendly education to help all children develop to their fullest potential. There were an estimated eight million six to 14 year-olds in India out-of-school in 2009. The world cannot reach its goal to have every child complete primary school by 2015 without India. Schools shall constitute School Management Committees (SMCs) comprising local authority officials, parents, guardians and teachers. The SMCs shall form School Development Plans and monitor the utilization of government grants and the whole school environment. RTE also mandates the inclusion of 50 per cent women and parents of children from disadvantaged groups in SMCs. Such community participation will be crucial to ensuring a child friendly â€Å"whole school† environment through separate toilet facilities for girls and boys and adequate attention to health, water, sanitation and hygiene issues. How does RTE promote Child-Friendly Schools? All schools must comply with infrastructure and teacher norms for an effective learning environment. Two trained teachers will be provided for every sixty students at the primary level. Teachers are required to attend school regularly and punctually, complete curriculum instruction, assess learning abilities and hold regular parent-teacher meetings. The number of teachers shall be based on the number of students rather than by grade. The state shall ensure adequate support to teachers leading to improved learning outcomes of children. The community and civil society will have an important role to play in collaboration with the SMCs to ensure school quality with equity. The state will provide the policy framework and create an enabling environment to ensure RTE becomes a reality for every child. How will RTE be financed and implemented in India? Central and state governments shall share financial responsibility for RTE. The central government shall prepare estimates of expenditures. State governments will be provided a percentage of these costs. The central government may request the Finance Commission to consider providing additional resources to a state in order to carry out the provisions of RTE. The state government shall be responsible for providing the remaining funds needed to implement. There will be a funding gap which needs to be supported by partners from civil society, development agencies, corporate organisations and citizens of the country. What are the key issues for achieving RTE? The RTE Act will be in force from 1 April. Draft Model Rules have been shared with states, which are required to formulate their state rules and have them notified as early as possible. RTE provides a ripe platform to reach the unreached, with specific provisions for disadvantaged groups, such as child labourers, migrant children, children with special needs, or those who have a â€Å"disadvantage owing to social, cultural economical, geographical, linguistic, gender or such other factor.† RTE focuses on the quality of teaching and learning, which requires accelerated efforts and substantial reforms: * Creative and sustained initiatives are crucial to train more than one million new and untrained teachers within the next five years and to reinforce the skills ofin-service teachers to ensure child-friendly education. * Families and communities also have a large role to play to ensure child-friendly education for each and every one of the estimated 190 million girls and boys inIndia who should be in elementary school today. * Disparities must be eliminated to assure quality with equity. Investing inpreschool is a key strategy in meeting goals. * Bringing eight million out-of-school children into classes at the age appropriate level with the support to stay in school and succeed poses a major challenge necessitating flexible, innovative approaches. What is the mechanism available if RTE is violated? The National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights shall review the safeguards for rights provided under this Act, investigate complaints and have the powers of a civil court in trying cases. States should constitute a State Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR) or the Right to Education Protection Authority (REPA) within six months of 1 April. Any person wishing to file a grievance must submit a written complaint to the local authority. Appeals will be decided by the SCPCR/REPA. Prosecution f offences requires the sanction of an officer authorised by the appropriate government. Substantial efforts are essential to eliminate disparities and ensure quality with equity. UNICEF will play an instrumental role in bringing together relevant stakeholders from government, civil society, teachers’ organizations, media and the celebrity world. UNICEF will mobilize partners to raise public awareness and provide a call toaction. Policy and programme design/implementation will focus on improving the access and quality education based on what works to improve results for children. UNICEF will also work with partners to strengthen national and state level monitoring bodies on RTE. Implementation * Financial Stats * Total budget alloted in next five years : 171,000 crores * Central to state sharing ratio : 65:35 * For nothern Eastern States:90:10 * However, in mid 2010, this figure was upgraded to Rs. 231,000 and the center agreed to raise its share to 68%. Market the Act * Objectively, This is a valuable product by the govt which is important to those who are not aware of it and in spite available at free of cost, they are not informed about the actual use of it. So, a strong and relevant Marketing channel is required to spread the awareness about the Act. * For this , Companies, majorly FMCG and corporate can be approached to spread awareness about the RTE through their products and other social acts. * A small portion of amount around .5% can be used to do In-house and outsource the marketing process through marketing companies. Marketing Strategies * Both Push and Pull strategy can be adapted to market about the Act. * For pull strategy, we can arrange camps in remote villages, arrange gatherings through local bodies, coordinate with NGOs to spread the Idea, use digital media and advertisement, celebrities to aware about the program. * For push strategy, adopt stringent policies like taken by China that 3rd children will not be given social rights to prevent population growth. On the same lines, Policies are needed to be enforced. * We can implement like No parent will get a job in say NREGA IF they are not sending children to school. Moreover, we can take help from Aadhar project that nobody will get privileges like subsidised food given by govt if they are not following as per act. * Organizational Hierarchy * * Like Lokpal bill, There should be a separate authority like Supreme court which is there to supervise the implementation of the act. * Bring PPP into the picture and hire well-experienced executives as mr Nandan Nilekani is chosen for adhar project. * There should be top down management from central to state level to district level to effectively look at the complete view of Implementation. * Operations * Outsourcing can be done for various process like surveying the actual no. of children illiterate, region wise density, no. of teachers, their performance and other statistics important for Analysing. * There should be a proper channel of reporting, which can be done with the help of IT from root level to top management to have a clear view of Execution. Role Of ICT * ICT-Challenges * Power deficit * PC availability per student * Updating the library * Maintenance of ICT hardware * Upgrading of software * Poor network connectivity in rural areas Conclusion * This is indeed a very Ambitious plan .So ,It needs a cooperation from all the stakeholders parents, teachers, children, Government and all the citizens to come up and take this Initiative as very crucial for Inclusive growth of India.